Skin Cancer Essays (1167 words) - Medicine, Clinical Medicine

Skin Cancer Skin Cancer Around a million americans will create skin disease this year. Skin malignancy is the most predominant all things considered, and it's inexorably on the ascent. There are a great many little cells that make up the human body. There are various types of cells, however they all make new cells by a procedure that includes isolating down the middle. This is the manner by which old cells are supplanted with solid new cells. At the point when a cells separates and doesn't carry out the responsibility that it was proposed to accomplish for the body, and afterward it proceeds to gap and makes a greater amount of these futile cells, and these cells keep on gather, it is known as a tumor. There are two kinds of tumors: amiable and dangerous. The cells in a considerate tumor can swarm out solid cells, despite the fact that they can not spread to other, what's more, more advantageous, portions of the body (Ingraham 447). In any case, a threatening tumor is malignancy. A harmful tumor can likewise swarm out the solid cells around it, however notwithstanding thatt it can spread to different pieces of the body and assume control over the solid cells in various territories of the body. Skin malignant growth is an illness wherein disease cells are found in the external layers of skin. The skin has two principle layers and a few sorts of cells. The top layer is the epidermis and the layer is shed most every now and again. The internal layer is called the dermis and is thicker and contains veins, nerves, hair follicles what's more, sweat organs (Seely Stephens Tate 145). Malignant growth spreads by a gathering of cells or a solitary cell that splits from the tumor and moves to different pieces of the body. Once there, it'll separation and start tumors, made of dangerous cells, similar to the ones that frantic up the primary tumor (Ingraham 447). At the point when this happens it is called metastic malignancy. Metastatic malignancy is characterized as the exchange of ailment starting with one piece of the body then onto the next, as in specific kinds of malignant growth (Funk and Wagnalls Dictionary 408.) . With numerous malignant growths, the standard initial phase in counteraction is that the influenced body part is evacuated. Notwithstanding, since a people skin can't be expelled, completely, this presents all the more an issue to doctors. Skin malignant growth is fairly reparable when analyzed and rewarded early. Also, its fairly preventable by maintaining a strategic distance from sun and tanning bed introduction. Sunscreen is a basic, simple, and helpful fake resistance against skin malignant growth. There are three fundamental kinds of skin disease. Melanoma is the least normal, in any case, most genuine in light of the fact that this sort is answerable for in any event three fourths of the skin disease passings every year (Encarta reference book, cdrom). Different sorts of skin disease are basal cell and squamous cell malignant growths. These two are alluded to as non-melanoma skin diseases. Another uncommon kind of skin malignancy, known as Kaposi's sarcoma, is once in a while observed (Barnes-Savarney, 177). The most widely recognized kind of skin disease is basal cell skin malignancy. Notwithstanding, Melonoma is the quickest developing kind of disease, influencing roughly 32,000 americans in 1993 (Encarta Encyclopedi, cdrom). Melanoma is activated by bright beams from the sun and is motioned by the development or presence of an sporadic mole on the skin. The mole might be analyzed dependent on its size, shape, shading, or surface, or because of its delicacy or hardness. Creating skin malignancy is a two stage process. It includes inception and advancement of harmful development. Since the bright beams hurt the component for fixing cell harm, one the fix framework is debilitated, cells become progressively helpless against injury. Resulting bright presentation exacerbate it, what's more, can inititate danger. After bright presentation, the fix component in the body, regularly guides harmed cells to end it all. This is the clarification for why skin strips after sun tanning and sun consumes. Nonetheless, recently harmed cells with a failing fix framework get away from this procedure. Hereditary harm amasses as typical cells bite the dust and strange ones endure. It's been resolved that skin doesn't need to be scorched to be harmed, and such harm amasses with incessant, regular presentation (Encarta cdrom). There are two kinds of bright radiation that arrive at the earth: bright A furthermore, bright B. Both add to skin harm, and

Creative Art Therapy on Schizophrenia | Literature Review

Imaginative Art Therapy on Schizophrenia | Literature Review Part II Audit OF LITERATURE A writing audit is a record of what has been distributed on a point by licensed researchers and specialists. As a bit of composing, the writing survey must be characterized by a managing idea. It isn't only an enlightening rundown of the material accessible, or a lot of outlines. (Dena taylor-2010). A writing audit is a book composed by somebody to think about the basic purposes of current information including considerable discoveries just as hypothetical and methodological commitments to a specific point. Audit of writing is a composed rundown of the condition of a craftsmanship on an exploration issue. It causes the specialist to acclimate themselves with the information base. It incorporates the exercises associated with distinguishing and looking through far reaching image of a condition of information on that point (Polit and Hungler, 1995). The audit of writing has been portrayed under the accompanying headings: Area A: Studies identified with schizophrenia Area B: Studies identified with Creative Art Therapy Area C: Studies identified with Creative Art Therapy on schizophrenia Area A: STUDIES RELATED TO SCHIZOPHRENIA A test study was led to evaluate the viability of clozapine in the treatment of safe schizophrenia in Beijing, China. Twenty two patients with treatment of safe schizophrenia were chosen for the investigation by utilizing randomized testing procedure. This examples were evaluated by utilizing the positive and negative condition scale for schizophrenia. The outcomes indicated that 60% of the investigation members reacted to clozapine treatment during the perception time frame. The scientist presumed that clozapine has helpful viability in treatment of safe schizophrenia. (Xiang,Y. T, 2009). A spellbinding report was directed to evaluate the significance of hereditary factors in men with beginning stage of schizophrenia in Surat, India. An all out example of 40 male schizophrenic patients with clinical beginning before the age of 25 years were chosen by utilizing accommodation examining method. Tests were evaluated by utilizing organized poll. The outcomes indicated that one of the parent of 12(30%) patients had the historical backdrop of schizophrenia. The analyst inferred that the hereditary causes are increasingly significant in the etiology of schizophrenia. (Mukesh Patel, 2009). An unmistakable report was led to survey the reactions of antipsychotic tranquilizes in patients with constant schizophrenia. An all out no.of 1493 schizophrenic patients were selected at 57 United states destinations by utilizing accommodation inspecting method. They were assessed utilizing the positive and negative condition scale for schizophrenia. The outcome indicated that olanzapine was related with more suspension for weight gain or metabolic impacts and perphenazine was related with more cessation because of the nearness of extra pyramidal impacts. The specialist presumed that dominant part of patients ended the prescriptions inferable from inefficacy or grievous symptoms or for different reasons. (Lieberman,J.A, 2005). An illustrative report was led to evaluate the relationship among savagery and schizophrenia in Mullen, Australia. An all out no.of 40 patients were chosen by utilizing purposive testing method. Patients were surveyed by utilizing organized poll. Research shows that viciousness is a consequence of comorbid substance misuse or insane manifestations. The outcome indicated that most examinations acclimate the relationship among viciousness and schizophrenia. The scientist presumed that the extent of savage wrongdoing in the public arena inferable from schizophrenia falls underneath 10 %. ( Walsh,E. 1997). A fundamental report was directed to evaluate the impact of psycho instruction program on self adequacy of schizophrenic patients using the mental day care. An all out no.of 33 schizophrenic patients using the mental day care were chosen by comfort inspecting method for this examination. Summed up Self Efficacy Scale (GSE Scale) was utilized for the assessment multi month before intercession, preceding mediation and after the culmination of intercession. He has consolidated the social aptitudes preparing into psycho instruction. The outcomes demonstrated that Self Efficacy score changed essentially between preceding and after consummation of the intercession. The agents presumed that the psycho instruction was successful in expanding the self viability among schizophrenic patients. (Yamaji ,2005). An explorative examination was led to evaluate the conduct debilitations and social handicaps among schizophrenic patients. An all out no of 520 patients from seven nations were taken an interest in the investigation. Incapacity evaluation scale and Psychological debilitations appraisal scale were utilized to for this examination. The outcomes demonstrated that there is a hindrance in sexual relationship, work environment, self consideration and furthermore in social jobs. Negative side effects, for example, dormancy, loss of intrigue, activity and destitution of discourse additionally present in the patients. (WHO, 2000). A clear report was directed by Schizophrenia Research Foundation and Madras Medical College to evaluate the predominance of schizophrenia in Tamil Nadu. Two territories Chintadripet and Triplicane were picked for the investigation and entryway to entryway review method was received. The Indian mental review calendar and present state assessment plan was utilized for evaluating the commonness of the schizophrenia. The examination was inferred that the predominance pace of schizophrenia was most elevated in the territory and a higher rate have found in guys and in age gathering of 15 †45 years separately. The higher predominance rates were appeared in ghetto zones, those living alone, in those with no tutoring, in Christian people group and in the jobless gathering. (Padmavathi, 1998). Area B: STUDIES RELATED TO CREATIVE ART THERAPY A trial study was led on the adequacy of Creative Art Therapy on the treatment of animosity in Netherland. An all out no.of 100 examples were chosen by utilizing comfort examining method. They were utilized the organized poll in this examination. The outcomes indicated that communicating hostility with assistance of workmanship material securely assists with investigating one’s animosity. The scientist presumed that craftsmanship treatment is a helpful methodology to smother the resentment that detonates in uncontrolled dangerous animosity. (Henk, 2006). An interventional study was directed to evaluate the viability of Creative Art Therapy in decreasing nervousness and dread in hospitalized youngsters in Punjab, India. Tests of 22 youngsters in the age gathering of 3-10 years were chosen by utilizing the comfort examining strategy. Imaginative Art treatment mediation was given an hour for seven days. The Beck Anxiety Inventory Scale was utilized to quantify the uneasiness of the examples. The outcome shows that there was a huge distinction between pre test (22%) and post test (11%) scores of tension. So the specialist presumed that the inventive workmanship treatment is powerful in lessening dread and uneasiness among hospitalized youngsters. (Hamre.H,J, 2006). A trial study was led to evaluate the viability of imaginative craftsmanship treatment with detained ladies who have encountered the passing of a friend or family member. A complete no.of 7 examples were chosen by utilizing purposive examining procedure. Semi organized meeting was led before the investigation. One hour Creative Art Therapy meetings were offered to eight detained deprived ladies for a time of about two months. Following fourteen days after treatment, a 45-minute meeting furnished to the ladies with the chance to portray their own encounters and reactions as to the Creative workmanship Therapy meetings. Result indicated that seven ladies depicted positive results following the Creative Art Therapy mediation and they had a chance to communicate their sentiments. (Horn et al., 2004) An exploratory examination was directed on the viability of Creative Art Therapy and psychological conduct treatment with explicitly mishandled kids. A complete no.of 120 examples were chosen in the age bunch between 8-11 years by utilizing purposive testing method. Two gathering research configuration were utilized by partitioning the gathering into two gatherings, 60 kids in each gathering. Treatment meetings were held once per week for 12 weeks. Side effects were evaluated with injury manifestation agenda for youngsters. The outcome demonstrated that there is a noteworthy decrease in indications regularly connected with sexual maltreatment who had been gotten innovative workmanship treatment than psychological conduct treatment. (Pifalo. T, 2002). An exploratory investigation was directed to survey the viability of inventive craftsmanship treatment on confidence and tension of nursing home older inhabitants. Semi exploratory research configuration was utilized. An absolute no.of 20 more seasoned grown-up mental patients were chosen by utilizing purposive examining method. The state attribute Anxiety Inventory Scale and Beck Depression Inventory were utilized to survey the tension and discouragement. Imaginative workmanship treatment mediation was given three days of the week for four ordinary weeks. The outcome demonstrated that the imaginative craftsmanship treatment improved the degree of confidence and diminished the uneasiness and sorrow of more established grown-ups. (Henry, L. 1997). Area C: STUDIES RELATED TO CREATIVE ART THERAPY ON SCHIZOPHRENIA A test study was led to evaluate the adequacy of innovative craftsmanship treatment as an adjunctive treatment for patients with schizophrenia in London. An absolute no.of 43 members were chosen by utilizing randomized testing strategy. Manifestations were evaluated with the assistance of Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. Apportioned members were offered with movement three meetings per week for an hour and a half for each day and the span for a normal of 2 months. The outcome showed that Creative Art Therapy delivered measurably critical beneficial outcome on negative indications. (Philrichardson, 2007). A test study was led to survey t

Tesla roadster Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Tesla roadster - Essay Example These assets are united under initiative. This action all works under the imperatives of time. There are settled upon rules for the organized working of society. These standards are enforceable. A model is the stock that is fuel. There must be rules for security. Various locales will have fairly various rules. The final product will be the equivalent. A thing is never answerable for an activity or in real life. This truth of activity is at the core of the advantages and obligations of proprietorship. This law perspective sets the parameters for all that will follow in the dynamic procedure. This gives the decision of having an ownership or organization. Or on the other hand we may decide to have a company. The partnership might be open or it might be private. This legitimate course of action establishes the pace for the inflow of money and financial aspects. Account is the paste that makes business conceivable. This zone manages the administration of assets. Stock outcomes in the utilization of assets to procure it. In account there is the additional necessity of protection. This is an insurance of assets in case of misfortune. This zone manages the administration of rare assets. There are restricted HR. There is constrained assets and space. The items available to be purchased are restricted. Obviously there is a period limit. The business needs to work with the end goal of bookkeeping periods. The stock itself is a rare asset. There are numerous methodologies. One of them is to think about the progression of cash as made up of four sections. There is the stream to land as lease, at that point the stream to work as wages, next is the stream to capital as intrigue lastly the stream to business enterprise as benefits. Another methodology is to consider the business exercises with five portions. There is money, showcasing, creation, work and innovative work. This is a mainstream and by and large exceptionally accommodating while thinking about business action.

Citizen satisfaction - Free Essay Example

(An Evaluation the Relative Importance and Perceived Quality of Citizen Service Centres in Greece.) 1. Introduction 1.1 Importance of the Research According to the philosophical bases of marketing customer wants satisfaction. As the consumer is the key for a firm, the voter is the central element for a government or party (Lock and Harri,1996).In this context the citizen voter wants satisfaction and searching his satisfaction from the services that are offered to him is a lens through which government and public managers can gain a better perspective on how citizens respond to the performance of public services, (Van Ryzin , 2004) and offers important findings for the policy makers.. Citizen satisfaction surveys are frequently used by U.S. local governments and public administration researchers in order to measure the quality of local government services (Hatry et al., 1992; Miller and Kobayashi, 2000). A big number of U.S. cities use surveys regularly (New York , San Francisco, Phoenix etc.),in order to analyze in a descriptive and unvaried way , the level of perceived quality of services ,within a locality and over time (Van Ryzin et al., 2004). Recent studies have compared citizen satisfaction with benchmarks that were developed from data collected across many localities (Miller and Miller 1991; Miller and Kobayashi 2000), and have focused on the individual, jurisdictional, and city-specific determinants of citizen ratings of service quality (De Hoog, Lowery, and Lyons 1990; Hero and Durand 1985),like taxes and expenditure ,and also on demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of respondents such as race (Schuman and Gruenberg, 1972). Other investigations have negotiated the citizen satisfaction from the police according to their ethnoracial characteristics (Brad W. S. 2005), or satisfaction from the education system or from hospitals (Amyx,Bristow ,2001, Suda Anita D.,1998). The importance of the public services quality became popular in the United Kingdom at 1990s when the political parties put an emphasis on the subject ,but even in our days the need for quality services that meet customer citizens needs and expectations, is more and more obvious .This need for quality public services is even expressed by the European Social Fund, as the implementation of the strategy and policies of the European Committee at Member States ,is strongly related with the public service organizations, which many of them are responsible for (ESF,2009). And although, in the marketing research exist a number of well-developed models of approaching customer satisfaction, there has been little development of a model that would test citizens satisfaction. As a result, it would be valuable to test such a model in the framework of Greek public services. 1.2 The Research Objectives The overall objective of this research is to examine the Greek citizens perceptions and expectations of service quality concerning the Citizen Service Centres (KEP) -a Greek public service based on servqual model. From this overall objective a number of more specific aims can be identified: Investigate consumer expectations towards the service offered from public services Examine citizen perceptions about Citizen Service Centres(KEP) Asses the factors that play an important role in the service quality of Citizen Service Centres (KEP) 2. Literature Review 2.1 Politics and the marketing concept It has often been argued that the application of marketing tools and instruments in politics is nothing new (Perloff, 1999; Baines and Egan, 2001).In the last twenty-five years what have changed about the political marketing is not just the size of political marketing management but also the belief that political actors act and think in political terms. Political actors are them that they try to do marketing management in a frame of integration of marketing instruments in a coherent marketing strategy (Newman, 1994a; Dermody and Scullion, 2001). It is supposed that the selling of politicians and the selling of a product is linked (OShaughnessy, 2001) and that commercial and political contexts are essentially similar (Kotler, 1999). Many marketers believe that the tools and concepts of marketing can be transferred directly to the political arena (Lock and Harris ,1996) .The applications of political marketing are used as a tool of managing politics, developing policy (Nimmo, 1999), or even governing (OShaughnessy, 2003). The marketing concept in commercial terms is based on the principle that all company planning and operations will be customer oriented. As such the philosophical basis of the marketing concept is that customer want satisfaction (OCass, 1996). When a political party or candidate applies this concept to the political process, they must be in a position to adapt to and satisfy voters needs (Mauser, 1983; Newman and Sheth, 1987; Reid, 1988). For major mainstream parties, the overriding objective is to attract voters, win elections and hold power (Lock and Harris, 1996).In this extent knowing the degree of satisfaction of citizens seems to be important. 2.2 Citizen Citizen is every person of a state that has the citizenship of it (New Encyclopaedia, 2006). According the place and the time different criteria were used to define the citizen .The genealogical criterion, which is the oldest, the legal criterion and the economic (taxation) criterion .According to the first, citizen is the son of citizen that hasnt lost his rights. This definition was used in the ancient cities in order to distinguish the mass from the public. According to the second criterion citizen is each one that is recognized like that from the law. And finally, according to the last , citizen is each one that owns property or a quantity of goods and contributes to the governmental budget (Encyclopaedia Papyrus Larousse Britannica, 1992).Citizens have some rights and obligations .Their rights are political such as the right to vote, to be member of the jury or public servant , and personal such as the right to live ,to have free speech , to work, to live in freedom ,etc . ,that are protected from the state and are given to everyone. Citizens obligations such as taxation are set in order to protect the privileges that are offered to citizens from the government and they emerge from the need of the States existence (New Encyclopaedia, 2006). One of the governmental works is the provision of goods and services. All the modern governments take part directly to the economy by providing goods and services , organising industrial enterprises I promoting economic activities .Providing sanitary, education, and social insurance services , is one of the modern states concerns (Heinz Eulau ,1992). 2.3 Citizens as Customers, Customers as Citizens The classic definition of customer is one who purchases or receives a product or service (Carlson, 1997). The concept of customer is often more complicated in the public sector. For example, the city of Coral Springs in Florida, refined the idea by considering two distinct categories of external customers. Moreover, a building permit applicant is a direct customer while the applicants neighbors are among the indirect customers who will benefit if the decision helps to ensure a safer city and more appropriate land use and construction practices. But even with these refinements, citizen sometimes has a broader meaning. Citizens enjoy rights and take on responsibilities that extend well beyond those commonly recognized to customers (Popovich, 1999). Despite the passage of generations, the fact that government cannot succeed without the peoples trust and support, is a true even today. These essential elements of civil society shape the capacity and help determine the actual performance of government. Societys efforts to accomplish its highest priority and most practical goals are likely to fall short in the absence of the peoples agreement in the functions of government. As the customer is the key for a firm, the citizen -voter is the central element for a government. 2.4 Public services A service is a non material product (education, health safety etc).The meaning of public services isnt constrained in the area of Public and dministrative law .The public service is a known significance in the economy, as an appropriate tool of the states expansion in the social relations, for the preservation of stabilized provisions for the welfare state. Beyond the needs of the of practical policy, the interest of the political science with the expansions of the political philosophy is expressed , as the public service is characterized as the expansion of the state in its social activity . In other words , it is the way by which the state contacts the citizens in order to cover their direct needs .After the two World Wars this phenomenon is observed in the European area .In Germany , this works as Anstalten (institutions) and the offentlichen Unternehmungen (public enterprises) . The administration (the welfare state) undertakes and guarantees benefits even for the preservation o f life of human who live massively in big cities such as transportation ,cleanliness , water , electricity etc. he principles of function of the public services are connected with the needs and social aims that are tended to fulfil. Therefore, services are provided to everyone in the same way in order to cover the needs, under conditions that change from time to time (Encyclopaedia Papyrus Larousse Britannica ,1992 ). According to the Europa Glossary that is being updated given the recent signing of the Treaty of Lisbon ,the concept of public service is a twofold one: it embraces both bodies providing services and the general-interest services they provide. Public-service obligations may be imposed by the public authorities on the body providing a service (airlines, road or rail carriers, energy producers and so on), either nationally or regionally. Incidentally, the concept of the public service and the concept of the public sector (including the civil service) are often, wrongly, confused; they differ in terms of function, status, ownership and clientele. At the same time the Europa Glossary defines that the idea behind a public service charter is that there should be an instrument, setting out the basic rights and principles governing the provision of services to users. Such principles would include: continuity of service quality security of supply equal access affordable prices social , cultural and environmental acceptability Article 16 of the EC Treaty, introduced by the Treaty of Amsterdam, confirms the role of public services in the European Union. The EU policy on operators of public services is still shaped by the desire to liberalise network public services and to widen the scope of competition on national markets, be this, in the areas of rail transport, postal services, energy or telecommunications. 2.5 Citizen Service Centres (KEP) The institution of KEP was founded in 2002, based on an idea of the Deputy Minister Mr Beno. The KEP were founded according to the article 31 of law 3013/2002 and were staffed with short term labour agreement workers, according to the processes of article 6 of law 2527/1997. According to the Ministry of Internal Affairs (2007), over 60.000 of citizens visit every day Citizen Service Centres (KEP) for certified or not processes, ratifications of registrations, certifications of genuine signature and every kind of administrative information. The last three years 40 new KEP were founded and now they are 1035 at their total. The centres are open Monday to Friday, 8:00 to 20:00, and Saturday, 8:00 to 14:00. At Citizen Service Centres (KEP) citizens can: obtain information on what they need to do in order to manage their transactions with the municipality * submit applications for the processing of matters that involve the City that the KEP is registered and state agencies in accordance with joint decisions issued by the Interior Minister or other competent Minister Citizen Service Centres (KEP) manage requests, are responsible for notifying the applicant of the reply or decision and must arrange for the receipt or delivery of documents (collect on delivery) to an address supplied by the applicant (City of Athens ,2007). Some of the procedures (about 1.014 at total) that Citizens can carry out at Citizen Service Centres are the following: The registration or transfer of registration of a passenger vehicle or motorcycle The issuance of a birth certificate duplicate The issuance of a criminal record duplicate for general or legal use The issuance of a marital status certificate The issuance of a birth certificate duplicate for those registered with the City of Athens The application for a rent subsidy for the year 2006 to Workers Housing Organisation beneficiaries (former recipients) The issuance of a registry birth certificate duplicate for an adult or minor The issuance of a public transport pass for individuals with disabilities The application for the seasonal unemployment benefit in accordance with Article 22 of Law 1836/89 OAED (Greek Manpower Employment Organisation) The issuance of a marital status certificate for individuals registered with the City of Athens (online) The application for a rent subsidy for the year 2006 to Workers Housing Organization beneficiaries (new recipients) The issuance of a marriage license duplicate The application for the OAED (Greek Manpower Employment Organization) family subsidy The issuance of a drivers license The issuance of a Type A military status certificate (full) The renewal of a drivers license The issuance of a registry death certificate duplicate The application for change in passenger vehicle or motorcycle ownership The issuance of a permanent residence certificate The issuance of a judicial interdiction certificate See Appendix 1 Progressively KEP were transformed to Centres of Completed Transactions, bringing the Public Administration more near to citizen. According to the Ministry of Internal Affairs (2007), citizens trust KEP and are in general satisfied from them. Nowadays they have permanent staff which possesses about 2588 positions. The number of affairs that KEP handled the last years is presented at the table below: PERIOD NUMBER OF AFFAIRS SERVED CITIZENS 2006 3.042.509 1.154.554 2005 2.305.195 1.527.516 2004 1.643.313 1.316.505 2003 423.759 356.872 Medium number of affairs per day from Monday to Friday: 11.805 Medium number of affairs per day (Saturday): 821 According to the Ministry KEP are recognizable from about the 80% of citizens. Equally big are the visits to them that they exceed 60%, since they were enriched with new, more attractive for the citizen processes. But more interesting are the numbers linked with the subject of satisfaction of citizens, which according to the ministry exceeds the 90%. The problems that the Public Administration was facing when KEP were created were multiple. The most serious of them were the bad organization and the centralism of public services, lack of confidence in the government owned services, lack of evaluation, lack of meritocracy, weakening of ASEP, fragmentary, and consequently unsuccessful, efforts of application of Electronic Governing, absence of controls and sanctions and finally inflation of bureaucracy and corruptness. For this reason in 2007 a number of regulations of the article 15 of the law for Citizen Service Centres (KEP) were introduced, in order to fight the difficulties and dysfunctions of citizens service (Ministry of Internal Affairs, 2007). Some of the regulations were the following: The foundation of the Direction of Organization and Operation of KEP in the General Secretariat of Public Administration and Electronic Governing. The Direction was founded in order to guarantee the proper operation of KEP, but also their evolution in Centres of Completed Administrative Transactions, and the resolution of problems that emerges, because of their big number, the crowd of subjects and processes that they realize and the recent enlargement of their competences. The monitoring and the co-ordination of the operation of KEP is practiced , up today, at fragmentary way from the existing Direction of General Secretariat of Public Administration and Electronic Governing, fact which creates difficulties as far as it concerns the united confrontation of problems. The regulation of subjects of mobility of permanent personnel. The employees will stay in the KEP of their placement, for at least a five-year period, so that the experience, which has been acquired in the particular KEP, not to get lost. The simplification and acceleration of processes The restriction of joint responsibilities between the Ministries. It is indicatively reported that Minister of Internal Affairs does not act jointly in more than 25 different regulatory actions The obligatory deadline of 50 days for the transaction of the affairs of citizens The payment of complete compensation in the citizen in case of delay The self appointed search of supporting documents from the service on behalf of the citizen. 208 certificates can be requested from the service without the citizens presence, for 18 of them the self appointed search is obligatory. Indicative is the progress that took place in the case of self appointed search of certificates of birth from KEP, where, while in 2005 they had 231.327 certificates and medium time of transaction the 8 days, in the end of 2006 the transaction reached 432.188 certificates, that is to say almost double, with medium time of transaction the 5 days. Same is the acceleration as far as it concerns the certificates of familial situation, where while in 2005 were published 253.071 certificates, in 2006 until 2007, 373.219 certificates have been published The suppression of submission of supporting documents and their replacement with a personal declaration form for 7 cases The videoconference of administrative bodies The generalization of electronic communication and exchange of documents between the services. The network SIZEFKSIS ensures 50.000 digital certificates (under form of card) in civil servants equal in number. With this way is provided the possibility of electronic distribution of document, with simultaneous place of signature on this, with electronic way, without a problem of genuineness, after the distribution becomes from the above permitted employees with the use of digital certificate of (card). This electronic distribution involves big acceleration of process of publication and mission of document and contributes considerably in the fighting of bureaucracy. The application of a plan of restriction of state expenses and the enlarged public sector, by reforming the public services, so that they become more functional and effective The promotion of a regulatory reform, with the establishment of rules of good legislation as well as a system of evaluation of the results of legislative regulations in the competitiveness and the entrepreneurship The City of Athens operates a total of seven (7) Citizen Service Centres (KEP), one in each City District. Citizen Service Centres provide an online service for Athens citizens with regards the following: * City of Athens municipal roll certificates * Permanent residence certificates * Certification TAP property fee payment (in cases where agreement exists on the number of square metres registered with the Public Power Corporation and the contract of purchase) The Citizens Helpline 1595 provides information on documents required for all procedures processed by Citizen Service Centres. 2.6 Service marketing Usually marketing had been seen as having dual dimension.On the one hand, there is the notion which supports that the existence of an organization in economical and social content is based on the satisfaction of customer needs and wants, and on the other hand there is the set of activities which serve this philosophy in order to be implemented (CromptonLamb,1986). The marketing of services is a sector with particular characteristics .The expenditure on services is growing in most industrialized economies. According to the European Commission , the percentage share of gross domestic product attributable to the services sector rose from 38 per cent in 1970 to almost 50 percent by 1990. Crowell supports that what is significant about services is the relative dominance of intangible attributes in the make up of the service product. Services as a special kind of product usually they do not result in ownership but they can be linked to a physical good require special treatment. According to Jobber, as many offerings may combine tangible and intangible characteristics the distinction between them is a matter of degree. For example, a marketing research study provides a physical good, which is the report that comes out, but also is the result of a number of service activities such as interviews with respondents, analysis of results, designing of the research, etc. Products such as a skirt or a pair of socks usually are not accompanied by a service so they can be characterised as pure goods, but also a visit to a doctor or psychotherapy can be regarded as a pure service as there is nothing tangible that the client receives. 2.6.1 THE NATURE OF SERVICES Service characteristics can be summarised to the following four: intangibility, variability, perishability and inseparability. 2.6.1.1 Intangibility As intangibility can be characterised the fact that services cant be smelled, touched, tasted or seen. Service is a deed, performance or effort and not an object device or thing (Berry, 1980). In other words customer cant evaluate a service before buying it and sometimes cant evaluate it even after consuming it. For this reason the challenge for the service providers is to prove the quality of the service by communicating tangible benefits to consumers. Another characteristic of intangibility is the fact that the service cant be owned so customers pay for the use of product or the performance. 2.6.1.2 Variability The provision of service quality may vary depending to the person who provides it. In other words important factors are the capabilities the person has, his physical and mental situation (tiredness, attitude etc.) the location the service is provided .So, in order to control quality variation , methods such as evaluation systems , tight quality controls and service standardization methods are necessary (Jobber,2004). 2.6.1.3 Inseparability In contrast with physical goods services cant be stored in order to be used later. Services are characterised by the simultaneous production and consumption. Because of this characteristic service providers role is very important to the satisfaction of consumer, as many times he is supposed to be himself the company in the eyes of customer (Berry, 1980). For this reason the importance of service provider is an integral part of the satisfaction gained by the consumer. The behaviour of the service provider is also important for the experience that the customer has for the provided service .So, great importance must be given to the training and rewarding of the staff and its selection (Aijo,1996). Another element that is connected to inseparability is the fact that the customer may experience the service in combination with other customers because of the nature of the service and the place it is offered. At this case marketing managers should take into consideration the role of customer interactions between them, but also the inter customer conflicts and nuisance (Barron et al., 1996). 2.6.1.4 Perishability Unlike the physical goods, services cant be stored in order to be used in the future or at peak times. So service providers should take into consideration the combination of demand and supply and use methods such as multi-skilling of the staff in order to be used at peak seasons or part time employees, supply flexibility, differential pricing and reservation system in order to minimize time waiting (Jobber, 2004). Today one of the greater challenges that the sector of services has to face is the increasing competition in combination with the growing expectations of customers and the developing demands of customers as service improves (Joseph Walker, 1988). 2.6.2 SERVICE MARKETING MIX Models had to explain the relationship between the market and the organisation in order to maximize the seconds performance (Gronrooss C, 1982). To certain extent managing services are more complicated than managing products, as products can be standardised. The standardisation of a service is far more difficult as there are more input factors i.e. process, people, physical evidence, to manage than with a product. The service marketing mix consists of the 7Ps model. These include except from the classical 4 Ps that stands for: Product, Price, Place, Promotion, three more Ps which are People, Process and Physical evidence. 2.6.2.1 People People participate and deliver the service experience, the efficiency and effectiveness, the availability and capability, the customer interaction and the internal marketing. Any provision of service includes as an essential part the use of appropriate staff and people. In order to gain an organisation competitive advantage it is important that it recruits the right staff that is well trained in the delivery of service. Usually consumers perceptions and judgements are affected by the employees they interact with. Consumers wait from the staff to have the appropriate attitude, service knowledge and interpersonal skills that they are paying for. So many organisations train their staff to certain standards. Physical Evidence Physical evidence concerns the place where the service is delivered, infrastructure, facilities, surroundings, essential evidence and peripheral evidence ,equipment and premises. It is an element of the service mix that contributes to the formation of the opinion of the consumer about the organization .So the judgments and the perceptions of the consumers are formed by the sight of the service provision .For example if you walk in an office you expect a friendly environment neat and tie. Process The systems used to assist the organisation in delivering the service, constitute the process. So process refers to the operating process that takes the customer through ,from the initial contact till the service experience and evaluation , database management, service delivery, queuing systems, ordering ,standardization .The customer usually expects efficiency and quickness at the process of the service delivery and this fosters consumers loyalty and confidence in the organization. 2.6.3 Quality Quality is important to business organisations and their consumers, because quality products or services can and will secure consumers business. In addition, linking quality with expensive spending is not absolute, as price will not determine always quality. The high or low quality of a product or service is usually determined, by how it made the consumer feel and whether consumer expectations were satisfied or exceeded (Kotler P. et al, 2008). Quality was very popular in the marketing literature, where the notion of satisfying the customer was a dominant model of quality of service provided and consumer satisfaction (Raftopoulos V., 2005). The US Strategic Planning Institute in 1972 developed the concept of relative perceived quality (RPQ), that is the perception of quality as defined by customers, relative to the offerings of competitors. In other words quality is what a customer perceives it to be and this is a dynamic and complex notion. 2.6.3.1 Public service quality The need for quality public services is also expressed by the European Commission through the European Social Fund in its program for 2007-2013.The reason is that the quality of public services affects the implementation of policies and the strategy design as public sector organizations are responsible for them at a big degree at the Member States ,e.g. government ministries , local authority departments and special agencies (ESF,2009). The fact of how important is the quality of public services and the need to be improved, became popular, in Britain, at 1990s when the Government gave clear emphasis on the subject, by the proposal of the Conservative Prime Minister John Major enclosed in his Citizens Charter White Paper (Prime Minister, 1991). The issue faced great consensus from the political parties as the same year both Liberal and Labour parties published their own citizen charter proposals. The citizen driven improvement of the quality of public services was a fact (Black et al., 1994). This policy which faced the citizen as user and needed the reporting of performance from the service providers was continued for a long period it was enriched with best value new policies and was popular as New Public Management.According to this concept public services is better to be managed than administrated (Black et al.,2001). At the same time another reason that public service quality is important is that the needs and expectations of the users change and increase. Service quality and how to measure it developed to be a critical issue ,so during the 1990s performance measurement techniques developed as a result of external initiativessuch as government legislation ,regulatory activity by industry keepers and major policy initiatives, as Black St. et al. , characterize them, and not as a result of the needs of the service provider. Meanwhile , all the efforts of understanding and measuring public service quality where characterized as weak and an increasing interest for quality improvement models techniques , certification and awards developed .So a number of new significances appeared such as total quality management and continuous improvement, process mapping techniques, Institution Standards and Charters. The revolution of the commercial service sector that took place the previous decades influenced also public sector organizations that faced the need to provide quality services that meet customer needs and expectations. As Wisniewski remarks, Nowadays, for a variety of reasons, public sector services are striving to identify customer needs and to monitor customer perceptions of services provided (Wisniewski, 2001). The notion of treating the customers has started to change as they dont receive passively uniform services without their voice or influence being considered (Skelcher, 1992). At the opposite side, the adoption of traditional methods may lead to the delivery of a service distant from customer needs. So organizations many times, after a more profound search, discover that the needs and values of customers are different from what they assume before searching (Farquhar C.R. ,1993). In order to discover customer perceptions and collect data concerning the attitudes on service provision, public sector organizations conduct large scale market research exercises. These market researchers are expensive, especially for the public sector and many times focus only on customer perceptions on service delivery and not their expectations on service quality (Wisniewski, 2001). The spending on market research in 1994 in UK exceeded 0.5 billion and the 13% of this was spent on market research attended by public sector organizations according to article in the Financial Times (29 June 1995) , (Wisniewski , 2001). Concerns had been expressed about the effectiveness of such market researches so Skelcher (1992) stated that the limitation of this market research is that it has tended to focus on satisfaction with existing services rather than identifying customer needs, whether these are being met, and if not what steps the authority might take to fulfill them. Also Michie and Kidd (1994) noticed that satisfaction surveys in the health care sector are little more than rituals and that satisfaction may be more related to service quality if expectations are measured. In conclusion, it is important for public service organizations to asses both customer views about the service provision, but also their expectations of the service quality in a cost- effective way that can be simulated to different groups of customers, to different public services and to different providers, in a methodical way. Such a model was developed by Parasuraman ,Berry, and Zeithaml at 1988 the SERVQUAL model . 2.7 Customer satisfaction literature Many literatures within marketing seek to understand and develop means to improve customer satisfaction. The marketing research literature has developed a variety of methods to prioritize and identify customer needs. he customer-satisfaction literature seeks to establish the means by which customer satisfaction can be improved and the service-quality literature focuses on measuring changes in service quality. While these literatures vary in their analyses and definitions, they generally agree that the improvement of products and services in order to fulfil important customer needs, progresses customers satisfaction (Anderson et al, 1994, Fornell 1992; Zeithaml, Parasuraman and Berry, 1990). Customer satisfaction refers to the extent to which customers are happy with the products and services provided by a business. Customer satisfaction levels can be measured using survey techniques and questionnaires. Surveys, however, have tended to focus only to customers perceptions of services and not their expectations (Wisniewski, 2001). Some of the most used approaches to understand satisfaction and service quality are the SERVQUAL model, the KANO MODEL, the American Customer satisfaction Index (ACSI), the Swedish Customer Satisfaction Barometer (SCSB) and the Common Measurements Tool (CMT). 2.7.1 SERVQUAL The SERVQUAL method is a technique that can be used for performing a gap analysis of an organizations service quality performance against customer service quality needs. SERVQUAL is an empirically derived method that may be used by a services organization to improve service quality. The method involves the development of an understanding of the perceived service needs of target customers. These measured perceptions of service quality for the organization in question, are then compared against an organization that is excellent. The resulting gap analysis may then be used as a driver for service quality improvement (Zeithaml, Valarie A., Parasuraman, and Leonard L. Berry, 1990). SERVQUAL takes into account the perceptions of customers of the relative importance of service attributes. This allows an organization to prioritize. And to use its resources to improve the most critical service attributes. The data are collected via surveys of a sample of customers. In these surveys, these customers respond to a series of questions based around a number of key service dimensions. SERVQUAL is widely used within service industries to understand the perceptions of target customers regarding their service needs, and to provide a measurement of the service quality of the organization. SERVQUAL may also be applied internally to understand employees perceptions of service quality, with the objective of achieving service improvement (Parasuraman ,Berry, and Zeithaml ,1988) . This model has been widely criticised, but it still forms the starting point for most reviews of satisfaction and service quality. Elements of the SERVQUAL approach still appear in a large number of customer satisfaction studies in both the private and public sector, and properly applied, can provide some useful insights. A key problem is the fact that as a result of asking what an excellent service should have, the approach almost always results in large, and similar, negative service quality gaps. It therefore fails to adequately discriminate between factors and so its usefulness in identifying priorities for action is limited. A second key problem with the approach is the way in which importance is allocated to the factors. This was initially only done at the very broad level of service dimensions, which has limited usefulness in identifying specific priorities. These weaknesses can, however, be reduced through relatively simple alterations (MORI,2002). 2.7.2 Customer Satisfaction Model of Kano The customer satisfaction model from Kano is a quality management and marketing technique that can be used for measuring client happiness. Kanos model of customer satisfaction distinguishes six categories of quality attributes, from which the first three influence customer satisfaction : the Basic Factors (Dissatisfiers) which are the minimum requirements which will cause dissatisfaction, the Excitement Factors (Satisfiers)which are the factors that increase customer satisfaction if delivered, and the Performance Factors which are the factors that cause satisfaction if the performance is high, and they cause dissatisfaction if the performance is low. The additional three attributes are: Indifferent attributes, the customer does not care about this feature, Questionable attributes, it is unclear whether this attribute is expected by the customer, and Reverse attributes, the reverse of this product feature was expected by the customer ( Kano, N. Seraku, N., Takahashi, F. Tsuji, S, 1984). Kanos theory is useable for internal customers analysis. 2.7.3 American Customer Satisfaction Index Model (ACSI). ACSI was developed by Claus Fornell (Fornell et al., 1996) of the University of Michigans National Quality Research Center as a general index and methodology for measuring customer satisfaction with a broad range of consumer goods and services in the U.S. economy. The model was adopted by the U.S. General Services Administration in order to assess customer satisfaction with federal government services (Fornell , 2001). A number of state and local government agencies have employed the ACSI model as well. Although the ACSI model is gaining acceptance in the practice of public administration, the public administration literature has yet to recognize or test the model empirically (Van Ryzin et al. ,2004). Moreover, the ACSI models application to citizen satisfaction research holds particular promise, given the focus of local governments on direct service provision. The ACSI model is an econometric, causal model that links specific activities to perceptions of quality and satisfaction, wh ich, in turn, are associated with specific behavioral responses, such as customer retention or complaints (Fornell, 2001). Customer expectations are included in the model as an exogenous influence on both overall quality and customer satisfaction. So, the model assumes that customers have expectations about service quality that are formed from prior experience or the reputation of the service (Oliver, 1997). These expectations generally are assumed to be positively related to current perceptions of service quality and customer satisfaction (Fornell et al., 1996). The parameters of the model are estimated from customer survey data, and they indicate the most important drivers of customer satisfaction. Importantly, the salient drivers revealed by the model often present a different picture from that obtained only through univariate analysis of self-reported importance ratings or evaluative rankings customers give to services or service features. Thus, ACSI provides public managers with a unique perspective on the citizens they serve and their satisfaction judgments. Van Ryzin et al., (2004) adapted the ACSI model to citizen satisfaction with New York City government services in order to examine the overall satisfaction with city services, and the resulting estimates give information about both the drivers and consequences of satisfaction. 2.7.4 Expectancy Disconfirmation model (or gap between performance and expectations) Disconfirmation is the gap between the anticipated quality of the good or service and the quality that was actually received or experienced (Oliver 1980, 1997). Expectancy disconfirmation theory holds that consumers form judgments about products or services using their prior expectations about the characteristics or benefits offered by the given product or service (Oliver, 1980).These expectations act as a comparative referent for the formation of a satisfaction judgment (Oliver, 1997). In the consumer behaviour literature, this discrepancy or gap between prior expectations and actual performance is termed expectancy disconfirmation (Erevelles and Leavitt 1992, Oliver 1997).The disconfirmation of expectations can be positive or negative, performance can either exceed expectations (positive disconfirmation) or fall short of expectations (negative disconfirmation). A Van Ryzins study (2004) found strong support for an expectancy disconfirmation model of citizen satisfaction, which focuses on the gap between performance and expectations. So, this model forms a description of how citizens form overall satisfaction judgments about local government services. The expectancy disconfirmation model can be helpful in better perceive how citizens respond to the performance of local government. 2.5.4 The Swedish Customer Satisfaction Barometer (SCSB) The original SCSB model (Fornell, 1992), contains two primary antecedents of satisfaction: perceptions of a customers recent performance experience with a product or service, and customer expectations regarding that performance. More specifically, perceived performance is equated with perceived value, or the perceived level of quality received relative to the price. The basic prediction is that as perceived value increases, satisfaction increases.Loyalty is the ultimate dependent variable in the model because of its value as a proxy for actual customer retention and subsequent profitability. 2.7.5 The Common Measurements Tool (CMT) CMT is the result of an extensive study by researchers at the Canadian Centre for satisfaction and highlight priorities for improvement. It incorporates five main questioning approaches by measuring: expectations of a number of service factors, perceptions of the service experience on these factors, level of importance attached to each of a number of service elements, level of satisfaction with these elements, and respondents own priorities for improvement (Faye Schmidt,Teresa Strickland,1998). It is important to stress that the purpose of the CMT is for the operational use of organizations wishing to improve service to their clients. Thus, the author of this dissertation believes that the SERVQUAL approach , that uses the model in order to investigate the citizens satisfaction, appears more related to the objectives that are set , and will offer a useful background. 3. Research Design and Data Collection 3.1 Research Philosophy As mentioned in the literature review, nowadays research about citizens satisfaction has focused on the quality of the services provided in order to improve their delivery to the public. Therefore , as the purpose of this research is this , it seems the research philosophy should be interpretive epistemology for the reasons given below. According to Saunders,Lewis and Thornhill (2007) interpretivism is an epistemology that supports that the researcher has to understand the differences between humans in their roles as social actors. And this emphasises the difference between conducting research among people rather than objects. So, interpretivism seems more suitable for this research. 3.2 The Research Approach There are two broad methods of reasoning used in the design of a research project, the deductive and the inductive approach. Deductive reasoning works from the more general to the more specific. Sometimes this is informally called a top-down approach. The procedure of this approach might begin with thinking up a theory about the topic of interest. Then by narrowing that down into more specific hypotheses that can be test. Afterwards narrow down even further when observations are collected to address the hypotheses. And this ultimately leads to be able to test the hypotheses with specific data a confirmation (or not) of the original theories. Inductive reasoning works the opposite, moving from specific observations to broader generalizations and theories. Informally, sometimes this is called a bottom up approach . In inductive reasoning, the procedure begins with specific observations and measures, to detect patterns and regularities, and formulate some tentative hypotheses that can be explored, and finally end up developing some general conclusions or theories (William M.K. Trochim, 2006). From the definition above, it seems hard for the author of this article to determine the exact research approach for the general objective of this dissertation to examine the satisfaction of Greek citizens from the Citizen Service Centres (KEP). However, as Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill (2007) remark to combine the two approaches is perfectly possible and also advantageous. It is clear that the final aim is to draw conclusions that government and public administration can use to improve the performance of the public services. In order to realize this, it is necessary to investigate certain theories .As a consequence, the main research approach should be deductive approach. So, this work should combine theory testing or applying as far as it concerns the models used to investigate satisfaction, and on the other hand, inductive approach will be used in order to produce some hypotheses and generalize the conclusions about satisfaction. As far as it concerns service quality, there have been a number of studies with this topic .For this reason it is easier to define a theoretical framework as well as an hypothesis. Based on this concept, deduction seems suitable as research approach. 3.3 Research Design Research design provides the glue that holds the research project together. A design is used to structure the research, to show how all of the major parts of the research project the samples or groups, measures, treatments or programs, and methods of assignment work together to try to address the central research questions (William M.K. Trochim, 2006). Typically, a research design involves the following task: to define the information needed, to design the exploratory, descriptive, or explanatory phases of the research, to specify the means of measurement and/or extract data, to construct and pre-test a questionnaire (interviewing form) or an appropriate form for data collection, to specify the sampling process and sample size and to develop a plan of data analysis. Therefore, the whole research design will be divided into five units according to the components mentioned above. 3.3.1 The Information Required Reviewing all the specific aims, the information should include: an overview of the citizens (over18), an overview of the public services and more specifically Citizen Service Centres(KEP), and also the perceptions of citizens about what services are rated as important in order to test the hypothesis developed by the author. 3.3.2 The Phases of the Research The phases of this dissertations research should take the form of exploratory study in order to test the hypothesis that will be set, also the form of descriptive study in order to portray the perceptions of the Greek citizens, and finally the form of explanatory studies in order to make suggestions where additional effort may be given. 3.3.3 Research Methods Using the combination of the two techniques has two advantages. Firstly, different methods can be used for different purposes in a study. And secondly, using multi-method example it enables triangulation to take place (Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, 2007, p.146-147), that means look at problems from different perspectives. On the other hand, each qualitative and quantitative data collection technique has its strengths and weaknesses (Smith, 1975). Data-collection techniques allow us to systematically collect information about our objects of study (people, objects, phenomena) and about the settings in which they occur (Corlien M. Varkevisser, Indra Pathmanathan, and Ann Brownlee , 2003) . According to the authors opinion, as deduction is connected with quantitative research, this one requires quantitative research for the reasons above. In order to examine citizens satisfaction with the public services, it would be useful to identify the perceptions of citizens .On the other hand, investigating the satisfaction level of citizens from these services would demand quantitative research. As a result, the research methods adopted for this dissertation do not require to investigate a topic without previous literature so that to work inductively by searching the hypothesis. 3.3.4 Data-collection techniques Various data collection techniques exist such as: using available information,-usually there is a large amount of data that has already been collected-, observing,- observation is a technique that involves systematically selecting, watching and recording behaviour and characteristics of living beings, objects or phenomena-, interviewing,- an interview is a data collection technique that involves oral questioning of respondents, either individually or as a group-, written questionnaires, -a written questionnaire is a data collection tool in which written questions are presented that are to be answered by the respondents in written form-, focus group discussions,- a focus group discussion allows a group of 8 12 informants to freely discuss a certain subject with the guidance of a facilitator or reporter- ( Corlien M. Varkevisser, Indra Pathmanathan, and Ann Brownlee , 2003).A combination of different techniques can give a more comprehensive understanding of the topic under study. Flexible techniques, such as loosely structured interviews using open-ended questions, focus group discussions, and participant observation are also called qualitative research techniques and they produce qualitative data that is often recorded in narrative form. Qualitative research techniques involve the identification and exploration of a number of often mutually related variables that give insight in human behaviour (motivations, opinions, attitudes), in the nature and causes of certain problems and in the consequences of the problems for those affected. Quantitative research techniques are used to quantify the size, distribution, and association of certain variables in a study population. The answers to questions can be counted and expressed numerically. The definitions mentioned above, have led the author to the decision that the most appropriate techniques in order to collect data for this dissertation and its research questions is the use of surveys and more specifically the use of questionnaires in order to examine the satisfaction of citizens and the other dissertations objectives. It doesnt mean that this method is better or worse than the others. (Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, 2007). The target is to serve the objectives and needs of the research. So questionnaires will be distributed to Greek citizens over 18 in order to be completed. With this strategy quantitative data is collected which can be analyzed quantitatively with descriptive and inferential statistics. With inferential statistics, you are trying to reach conclusions that extend beyond the immediate data alone. For instance, we use inferential statistics to try to infer from the sample data what the population might think. Thus, we use inferential statistics to make inferences from our data to more general conditions; we use descriptive statistics simply to describe whats going on in our data. (William M.K. Trochim, 2006). Questionnaires will be used and the analysis will be based on graphs and statistics with the use of numerical data. Structured methodology is used to help replication. As Wisniewski observes The difficulty for public sector managers is how such an assessment is to be undertaken in a rigorous yet cost-effective way that can be replicated with different customer groups and over time, as well as between different service providers, in order to facilitate best-practice benchmarking (Wisniewski M. , 2001). 3.5 Market selection There are a variety of variables that may affect citizen satisfaction with service quality. Race and income, neighbourhood characteristics, and familiarity with services provided have all been hypothesized to affect satisfaction with services (Kelly Janet M., 2003). On the other hand the size of the Greek, and more precisely the Athenian citizens is large, in 1991 the population of Athens was 3.523.407 and in 2001 was 3.761.810 (www.statistics.gr). So, the decisions about the market and its size should be based on Secondary Research. 3.6 Limitations of the Research Method It will be avoidable that the research methods that will be followed will have some errors and limitations .One of the main errors may be restricted by the time and the representative sample that will be used. If the sample is not representative, it will be very easy to make mistakes. Apart from this, other errors may occur as the dissertation will pay attention on the satisfaction of public services, which can not be generalized as the governmental satisfaction. Moreover, the accurate measurement of user satisfaction has shown itself to be a problematic process (Wisniewski, 2001) and it presents a number of limitations. 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Raftopoulos., (2005) A GROUNDED THEORY FOR PATIENTS SATISFACTION WITH QUALITY OF HOSPITAL CARE, Hellenic Centre for Infectious Diseases Control, Athens, Greece ,ICUS NURS WEB J ISSUE 22 (NURSING.GR) -Kotler Philip, Armstrong Gary, Wong Veronica, Saunders John , (2008), Principles of Marketing , 5th edition ,Person Education Limited, Harlow , England. -European Social Fund (ESF) (2009), European Commission,Better Public Services https://ec.europa.eu/employment_social/esf/fields/public_en.htm Ministry Of Internal Affairs, Electronic Press Office, (2007), Assessment Of Ministry Of Internal Affairs Public Administration And Decentralization Three-Year Period 2004-2007,Athens https://www.ypes.gr/ypes_po/detail.asp?docid=1512

High School Vs College Essays - 1205 Words

High School vs. College As we go on in life we face many challenges and new situations that we deal with. A new situation that most people deal with is college and all the changes that come along with it. What many people dont realize is that high school, in many ways, is similar and differrent from college. Not only are people changing but the surroundings and work change as well. There are some things that seem to never change such as some work and people. The majority of the work in college is very similar to high school. An example would be the Critical Thinking homework. In that class you have to re-write a sentence that is not proper and make it correct in high school I had to do the same thing in my English class. The†¦show more content†¦Time management is big because you can be lazy and not take time to do work or you could take every moment to accomplish things you need to do throughout the day.2 An example would be playing video games when you should actually be writing a paper or doing other important work. This can make or break someone who is going off to college. In high school people usually fall into cliques or certain groups of people they hang around with. College and high school are similar; an example is that if someone plays football tend to spend more time with each other. They usually talk with one another or share a bond which no one else usually has. In high school people tend to do the same thing, kids group up with either the jocks or other groups. People just make friends more easily if they have something in common. A big difference between college and high school is a new place of living. When youre at home and going to high school your parents cook, shop, and make sure you do your work. At college things are different; you have to do all those that you parents did at home. An example would be doing your laundry. Not many kids do their own laundry, so when it comes to college, things are very different. Thats why people say that when youre in college you tend to mature due to the new style of living, which is living on your own. In college the amount of classes and the time you have to go for is different fromShow MoreRelatedCollege Vs. High School858 Words   |  4 PagesCollege Vs. High School Some may think that high school and college reading and writing are similar and that it’s just the next level up but it s not, they differentiate in many ways. College reading and writing is more than that, it’s a completely different world when compared to high school. It’s much more advanced and complexed. 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God Nature Description Essay Example For Students

God Nature Description Essay So many people have a false interpretation of who God really is. Understandingwho God really is can clear up a lot of false pretences (ideas) that so manypeople have about Him. According to the Bible, there are a number of differentnames and interpretations for who God truly is. WHO GOD REALLY IS! Yahweh*Eternal God most common name used for God in the Old Testament (6829times) *The New Testament uses the word Lord He who is He who is trulypresent Yahweh is not merely one god among many; he is the Creator andRuler of heaven and earth, who is worthy of and demands the exclusive homage ofhis people Yahweh Rapha *I am for I am the Lord, who healsyou. Exodus 15:26 There have been countless times that Gods healing powerhas been recorded in the Bible as well as on other accounts. Mostly commonlyknown should be when God sent his only Son to save the world from eternaldamnation (Hell). I personally have seen instances and know people who God hasdelivered from sicknesses and other forms of e vil. When I was a freshmanin high school my best friends mother was diagnosed with three forms oncancer, she was not expected to live due to the late discovery and severity ofthe cancer. She is doing great, back to her job, and is in remission. Ways GodHeals people! Yahweh Shalom: * Yahweh is peace Yahweh Shammah *The Lordis There 35The distance all around will be 18,000 cubits. Andthe name of the city from that time on will be: THE LORD IS THERE. Ezekiel 48:35 *Although this is referring to the twelve tribes Israel in the OldTestament, I think that this could have been a prophecy that God willcontinually be surrounding us. Yahweh Tsabbaoth *Lord of Hosts *LordAlmighty *In the New Testament Host is refer to as angles, which could beseen as protection, guidance during tough times, and most importantly a sourceof encouragement during times of sickness or pain. Yahweh Tsidkenu *Yahwehour righteousness 5The days are coming, declares the LORD,when I will raise up to DavidA a righteous B ranch, a King who will reignwisely and do what is just and right in the land. 6In his days Judah will besaved and Israel will live in safety. This is the name by which he will becalled: The LORD Our Righteousness. Jeremiah 23:5-6 *In this text I thinkthat God is talking about healing the people that he once banished from theland, by returning them to retake what was once theirs. Yahweh Yireh *Yahwehwill provide *God said that he would provide for all of our needs. This meansif we are sick we will be healed, but what really needs to be understood is thathealing does not always mean that life is the answer. Sometimes our needs andour wants get completely mixed up. El Olam *God the everlasting One*God of Eternity *God was here in the beginning and he will be here in theend. God has healed throughout time and will continue to heal as long as we seekhis name. El Roi *God who sees me *El Roi is with me at all times and ismy protector. *God sees every move that we make and do not make. He sees when weare sad and when we are happy. He also sees when we are sick and when we arehealthy. Most importantly he knows when to heal us, comfort us, give us space,listen to us, and so other things because he is continually looking over us. ElShaddai *God the Mountain *God the Rock *God the Provider *ElShaddai provides for all my needs, He shields from danger, and has given meshelter. *When I get stress and weighed down with the stress of life I like togo up to the mountain and try to clear my mind. I do not think that healing hasto always be physical, I think God can heal in many different ways whether it bephysical, mental, social, or spiritual. Elohin *name similar to Yahweh used over40 times in Job as a way to refer to God, without using His name Yahweh orAdonay Tremble, O earth, at the presence of the Lord, at the presence of theGod of Jacob, Psalms 114:7 Knowing God! To have a complete understanding ofGod the Father, it is beneficial to Understand who God the Son is. These areverses are where Jesus describes who He is and why His Father sent Him here. Allof these references come from the Gospel book of John: *6:35 35Then Jesusdeclared, I am the bread of life. He who comes to me will never go hungry,and he who believes in me will never be thirsty Here Jesus tells us if wefollow him with all of our hearts, we will need nothing more, he will provideall that we need. The problem here is that some people do not understand thatwith believing you need to live the life of a believer. Praying daily that Godwill continue to work in your life and the lives of others. Reading the Word ofGod which will help you understand who he is and will help you to make some ofthe right choices in life. Attending church regularly and surrounding yourselfwith people that will help you grow in the Lord is very important because weneed interaction with others. Other Christians who can lift us up in times ofneed and can support us when we need them to. Now the Bible does not say thatyou need to do any of these things, but I think that they will all help greatly. .u584d389b6d6763dc174ca255d087d79c , .u584d389b6d6763dc174ca255d087d79c .postImageUrl , .u584d389b6d6763dc174ca255d087d79c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u584d389b6d6763dc174ca255d087d79c , .u584d389b6d6763dc174ca255d087d79c:hover , .u584d389b6d6763dc174ca255d087d79c:visited , .u584d389b6d6763dc174ca255d087d79c:active { border:0!important; } .u584d389b6d6763dc174ca255d087d79c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u584d389b6d6763dc174ca255d087d79c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u584d389b6d6763dc174ca255d087d79c:active , .u584d389b6d6763dc174ca255d087d79c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u584d389b6d6763dc174ca255d087d79c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u584d389b6d6763dc174ca255d087d79c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u584d389b6d6763dc174ca255d087d79c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u584d389b6d6763dc174ca255d087d79c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u584d389b6d6763dc174ca255d087d79c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u584d389b6d6763dc174ca255d087d79c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u584d389b6d6763dc174ca255d087d79c .u584d389b6d6763dc174ca255d087d79c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u584d389b6d6763dc174ca255d087d79c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Reumatoid Arthritis a Debilitating Disease Essay Just like in a sport you need to practice to get better, to become closer to Godyou need to do things that will help you grow closer to him. *8:12 12WhenJesus spoke again to the people, he said, I am the light of the world. Whoever follows me will never walk in darkness, but will have the light oflife. This passage lets us know that Jesus will help us through thehard times, and He will direct us in the paths that we should walk in. WhenJesus is going through the wilderness Satan tempted him three times because hewas weak and at a venerable stage. Jesus did not give in these temptations, butwe continually do fall into these types of temptations. This is where Jesus ishere to guide us and give us strength. *9:5 5While I am in the world, I amthe light of the world. As long as Jesus is, still in the world thereis still hope for the world. The word hope here is referring to something thatwe are looking forward to. I believe that when Jesus returns for the second timeto bring his people home the place that we call home will be Hell on Earthas the saying says. If God were to remove his presence from the earth not one ofus would want to go on living. The anarchy and complete destruction that wouldbe going on would devastate any person who has an ounce of morals. *10:7-97Therefore Jesus said again, I tell you the truth, I am the gate forthe sheep. 8All who ever came before me were thieves and robbers, but the sheepdid not listen to them. 9I am the gate; whoever enters through me will besaved.A He will come in and go out, and find pasture. Jesus is telling ushere that He is here for anyone, and all we have to do is come to him. God hasgiven every person a choice to have eternal life or eternal death. To haveeternal life we must come to the Son of God, Jesus who waiting for us to do so. However, we must make that choice, it is no ones responsibility except our own. *10:11,14 11I am the good shepherd. The good shepherd lays down hislife for the sheep. 14I am the good shepherd; I know my sheep and mysheep know me Jesus lay down his life for us like that of a true shepherd. Jesus knows each on of us that have come in to the kingdom of God, just like weshould know him. Although, Jesus allows us to wonder so that we might learn hasstill given his life for us. He has given us the choice and he will not force usto do anything, all that we do we do because we chose to do it. It is so amazingthat God would send his son to save us from the sins of the world, and thenallow his son to give his life for everyone on the earth. *11:25 25Jesus saidto her, I am the resurrection and the life. He who believes in me willlive, even though he dies; Jesus died and rose again and as long as webelieve this, we can be accepted into the kingdom of God. The word resurrectionmeans to rise from the dead and that is just what he did. *14:6 6Jesusanswered, I am the way and the truth and the life. No one comes to theFather except through me. Jesus informs us here that the only way we can getto God in heaven is through Him (Jesus). Heaven is where al that believe in Godwill end up while in commune with him. Coming into the Kingdom is a free choice,but we have to submit ourselves to Him before we can come in. To come into theKingdom of God is to surrender all that we have and all that we are, so thatnothing comes between our relationship with God. It is hard to put God first ifyou have not surrendered all unto Him. *15:1,5 151I am the true vine,and my Father is the gardener. 5I am the vine; you are the branches. Ifa man remains in me and I in him, he will bear much fruit; apart from me you cando nothing. Jesus is our main source of life, with him we can do all things,apart from him we can do absolutely nothing. Apart from Jesus, we are damned tohell and I personally can not think of anything worse than that. Yes, we canstill function in life but ultimately we will end up in the pit of the abyss(Hell). God is all that can be imagined and then some more. However, onlysomeone as selfless (unselfish) as God who sent His Son Jesus Christ to thisearth to save the w orld from eternal death while continually beginningpersecuted. The things that Jesus had to put up with for the good that he wasdoing is just unspeakable. Whipped, beaten, spat upon, made fun of, and probablythe worst was being betrayed by one of his own disciples. This is just some ofthe persecution that Jesus had to suffer. Jesus is personal and provides foreveryone differently from the next person. Who do you say He is.